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- <text id=93CT1746>
- <link 90TT2184>
- <link 90TT1835>
- <link 90TT1294>
- <title>
- Kenya--History
- </title>
- <history>
- Compact ALMANAC--CIA Factbook
- Southern Africa
- Kenya
- </history>
- <article>
- <source>CIA World Factbook</source>
- <hdr>
- History
- </hdr>
- <body>
- <p> Fossils found in east Africa suggest that protohumans roamed
- the area more than 20 million years ago. Recent anthropological
- finds near Kenya's Lake Turkana indicate that the Homo genus of
- humans lived in the area 2.6 million years ago.
- </p>
- <p> Cushitic-speaking people, who occupied the area from about
- 1000 B.C., received Arab traders by the first century A.D.
- Kenya's proximity to Arabia invited colonization, and Arab and
- Persian settlements were founded along the coast by the eighth
- century A.D. By then, Bantu and Nilotic peoples also had moved
- into the area. The Swahili language, a mixture of Bantu and
- Arabic, developed as a lingua franca for trade between the
- different peoples. The Arabs were followed by the Portuguese in
- 1498, by Islamic control under the Imam of Oman in the 1600s,
- and by British influence in the 19th century.
- </p>
- <p> The colonial history of Kenya dates from the Berlin
- Conference of 1885, when the European powers first partitioned
- east Africa into spheres of influence. In 1895, the British
- Government established the rate and, soon after, opened the
- fertile highlands to white settlers. The settlers were allowed a
- voice in government even before it was officially made a British
- colony in 1920, but Africans were not allowed any direct
- political participation until 1944.
- </p>
- <p> From October 1952 to December 1959, Kenya was under a state
- of emergency arising from the "Mau Mau" rebellion against
- British colonial rule. During this period, African
- participation in the political process increased rapidly. The
- first direct elections for Africans to the Legislative Council
- took place in 1957. Kenya became independent on December 12,
- 1963, and one year later, chose to assume the status of a
- republic within the Commonwealth.
- </p>
- <p> Jomo Kenyatta, a member of the predominant Kikuyu tribe and
- head of the Kenya African National Union (KANU), became Kenya's
- first president. The minority party, Kenya African Democratic
- Union (KADU), representing a coalition of small tribes that had
- feared dominance by larger ones, dissolved itself voluntarily in
- 1961 and joined KANU.
- </p>
- <p> A small but significant leftist opposition party, the Kenya
- People's Union (KPU), emerged in 1966, led by former Vice
- President and Luo elder Jaramogi Oginga Odinga. However, after
- the 1969 assassination of leading government official Tom Mboya
- and subsequent political tension, the KPU was banned and its
- leaders detained. Since 1969, no new opposition parties have
- been formed, and KANU remains the sole and ruling political
- party. Upon the death of Kenyatta on August 22, 1978, former
- Vice President Daniel arap Moi became interim president for 90
- days in accordance with the provisions of the Kenyan
- constitution. On October 11, Moi became president in his own
- right after he was elected president of KANU and designated as
- its sole nominee for president of the republic. In 1979, more
- than 740 candidates (all KANU members) competed for the 158
- elected parliamentary seats. As in the 1969 and 1971 elections,
- more than half of the incumbents were unseated. In June 1982,
- the National Assembly amended the constitution, making Kenya a
- de jure one-party state, and parliamentary elections were held
- in September 1983. More than 900 candidates contested the 150
- seats, but voter turnout was a disappointing 42%. New
- parliamentary elections are anticipated in 1988.
- </p>
- <p>Current Political Conditions
- </p>
- <p> Since independence, Kenya has maintained remarkable stability
- during many changes within the democratic system. The form of
- government has changed from federal to republican: the
- prime-ministerial system to presidential; the original,
- bicameral legislature merged into a unicameral body; and, most
- recently, Kenya became a de jure, one-party state. Although the
- government continues to pursue a policy of economic and labor
- Africanization, significant participation by Asians and
- Europeans is accepted. Development remains the dominant
- priority of President Moi's government.
- </p>
- <p> Kenya's major political challenge is to reinvigorate its
- economy, which has suffered from a combination of problems such
- as government deficit spending, a chronic shortage of foreign
- exchange, and the rising cost of oil imports. At the same time,
- the Kenyan Government also must deal with a rapidly growing
- population, which is increasing unemployment and straining
- Kenya's educational facilities.
- </p>
- <p>Source: U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Public Affairs,
- January 1988.
- </p>
-
- </body>
- </article>
- </text>
-
-